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Music Theory

Rhythmic Dictation with Dotted Half Notes and Eighth Rests

Listen to a rhythm of two measures (UK: bars) in 3/4 or 4/4, played on the note G, and write it with cards for dotted half notes (UK: dotted minims), half notes (UK: minims), quarter notes (UK: crotchets), eighth notes (UK: quavers), sixteenth notes (UK: semiquavers), eighth rest and eighth note, and their rests. There is a card for the eighth rest, and cards for a single eighth note and a single sixteenth note: for an off-beat, place the rest and then the eighth note; for a group, place two eighths or four sixteenths in a row and they are joined by beams. You place the bar lines yourself: a bar line at the end of the first measure and a final double bar line.

How to use the exercise: press Start, then Listen: the cards unlock when the audio starts. Add a bar line after the first measure and the final double bar line at the end, and count the beats yourself, because the exercise will not stop you from writing too many or too few. Undo removes the last card, Clear all starts over and Check grades your answer. You get up to three listens and can write while the rhythm plays.

How to Write a Rhythmic Dictation with Dotted Half Notes and Eighth Rests

  1. Keep your foot moving. Off-beat notes only make sense against a steady pulse. Count the beats during the count-in measure, then keep tapping them: your foot goes down on the beat and up in the middle of it.
  2. Identify the meter and count its beats. The time signature, 3/4 or 4/4, is announced before you listen: count its beats from the count-in measure and start again at 1 in every measure, even if the first beat is silent.
  3. Listen for where each note falls in the beat. A note that starts on the beat and fills it is a quarter note; two notes make two eighths; four notes, four sixteenths; and a single note that arrives halfway through the beat, between two pulses, is an eighth rest followed by an eighth note. A note that keeps sounding into later beats is a longer value, and silence is a rest.
  4. Listen in parts. Both measures play each time, but you do not have to catch everything at once: on the first listen follow the pulse and the first measure; on the second, the second measure; on the third, check the whole dictation.

The usual mistake is hearing the off-beat eighth note as if it fell on the beat: without the pulse in your head, a single note in a beat sounds like a quarter note. Tap the beat and say "(sh)-ti" for an eighth rest and eighth note, "ti-ti" for two eighths and "ta" for a quarter note: if the note lands with your foot, it is a quarter note; if it lands as your foot comes up, it is the eighth note after its rest.

What the Dictations Are Like

Each dictation is generated on the spot: two measures in 3/4 or 4/4 with dotted half notes, half notes, quarter notes, eighth notes, sixteenth notes, eighth rest and eighth note, and their rests, all on the note G on the piano at a tempo between 60 and 72 quarter notes per minute, a little slower because of the sixteenth notes. The eighth rest and eighth note always fills one beat: the beat starts in silence and the note enters in its second half, off the beat. The other eighth notes come in pairs and the sixteenth notes in fours, each group filling a beat. Every dictation has at least one eighth rest followed by an eighth note and a dotted half note or its rest. A measure of metronome clicks plays first at the same tempo, with a stronger first beat, so you know the speed and where the measure starts. A dictation can begin with a rest. Up to three beats of rest can follow one another, the length of a dotted half rest. A dotted half note lasts three beats and does not fit in a measure of 2/4, so there are no dictations in 2/4.

Each note sounds for almost its full value, so an eighth note after its rest is heard as a short note arriving in the middle of the beat, between two pulses. Each test has 10 dictations: 5 in 3/4 and 5 in 4/4, with none repeated.

Frequently asked questions

How is the dictation checked?
It counts as correct only if everything is right: the notes and rests, the bar line and the number of beats in each measure. If you miss, you are told which measure has too many or too few beats; if the total length is right, the parts that sound different are shown in red in what you wrote, and below it you see the rhythm that played so you can listen again while reading it.
Why do I have to place the bar lines myself?
Because in a written dictation you place them yourself, and it is how you show that you counted the beats of each measure correctly. If a measure has too many or too few beats, the check tells you how many it has and how many fit, and whether the bar line is missing. Without the final double bar line the exercise is not checked: it is your signal that you have finished.
How do I write an off-beat eighth note?
Place the eighth rest card first and then a single eighth note: together they fill one beat, with the note falling in the middle of it. A lone eighth note without its rest, or an eighth rest in another place, will not match what played.
What is the measure of clicks at the beginning for?
It tells you the speed and where the measure begins: before each audio, a metronome click sounds on every beat, stronger on the first, at the dictation's tempo. Count with it and keep counting silently while the rhythm plays, including the rests.
Why are there no dictations in 2/4?
Because a dotted half note lasts three beats and does not fit in a measure of two beats. It could be split across two measures with a tie, but these dictations contain no ties.

If you find it hard, start with which rhythm is playing? or which audio is it?. The next group is whole notes and the eighth rest. Every group is listed in the rhythmic dictation index.